Circulating Supply
Circulating supply is the number of tokens available for open market trading — tokens that have been transferred out of stakeholder wallets. Tokenomist distinguishes this from released supply (unlocked but possibly still held by insiders), giving a more accurate picture of what is actually tradeable.
TradFi parallel — Like a stock's public float — the shares actively trading on exchanges, excluding insider lockups, treasury shares, and restricted stock.
Key Takeaways
- 01Tokenomist tracks seven distinct supply metrics: Max Supply, Locked Supply, TBD Locked Supply, Released Supply, Adjusted Released Supply, Available Supply, and Circulating Supply
- 02Circulating supply counts only tokens transferred out of stakeholder wallets and available for open market trading — the most conservative measure
- 03Released supply includes tokens that are unlocked but may still be held by insiders — the gap between released and circulating reveals latent sell-side overhang
- 04Market cap = current price multiplied by circulating supply; using released supply instead would overstate the effective market cap
- 05Tokens transition through supply phases: locked to released to circulating — each transition carries different implications for price and liquidity
How It Works
Circulating supply is one of seven supply metrics that Tokenomist tracks to provide a complete picture of a token's supply dynamics. Understanding all seven — and how they relate — is essential for accurate valuation and risk assessment.
1. Max Supply: The theoretical maximum number of tokens the protocol will ever create. For capped-supply tokens like Bitcoin (21 million), this is fixed. For inflationary tokens, max supply may not exist or may be governed by protocol parameters.
2. Locked Supply: Tokens that remain in vesting contracts or lockup mechanisms and cannot be transferred or sold. These tokens are committed to future release according to the vesting schedule but are not yet available to their recipients.
3. TBD Locked Supply: Tokens whose lockup status is to be determined — typically allocations where the vesting schedule has not been finalized or where the destination wallet has not been designated. Tokenomist tracks these separately to avoid overstating or understating locked totals.
4. Released Supply: Tokens that have been unlocked from vesting contracts and are claimable by or already transferred to their designated stakeholders. This is a critical distinction: released does not mean circulating. A founding team's tokens may be fully released (vesting complete) but still sitting in the team's multisig wallet, not yet on the open market.
5. Adjusted Released Supply: Released supply adjusted for known factors such as tokens that have been burned after release, tokens re-locked through governance decisions, or tokens committed to staking contracts. This metric provides a more accurate view of truly available released tokens.
6. Available Supply: The portion of released supply that is liquid and accessible — excluding tokens that are staked, locked in governance, or otherwise committed. Available supply represents what could realistically enter the market if holders chose to sell.
7. Circulating Supply: Tokens available for open market trading, having been transferred out of stakeholder wallets. This is the most conservative supply metric and the one used to calculate market capitalization. Circulating supply increases when stakeholders transfer released tokens to exchanges or other market venues, and decreases through token burns.
The gap between released supply and circulating supply is where Tokenomist adds unique analytical value. A token may show 60% released supply but only 35% circulating supply, meaning 25% of total supply sits in stakeholder wallets — unlocked but not yet sold. This overhang represents latent sell-side pressure that most market cap calculations ignore. On the Token Detail page, Tokenomist visualizes all seven metrics so you can assess both current liquidity and future supply risk in a single view.
Real World Examples
Arbitrum: From 6% to 40% Circulation
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Arbitrum launched with approximately 625M circulating tokens (6% of 10B max supply) in March 2023. As team, investor, and treasury vesting progressed throughout 2023-2024, circulating supply grew dramatically toward 40%. This supply trajectory directly created measurable market cap pressure even as adoption metrics improved, illustrating the impact of circulating supply changes on valuation.
Ethereum: Mature Supply Dynamics
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Ethereum's circulating supply grows predictably through proof-of-stake staking rewards (added daily) and is reduced through ETH burns from transaction fees (EIP-1559). The balance between these mechanisms creates a relatively stable circulating supply growth rate, making Ethereum's supply dynamics among the most transparent and predictable in crypto.
Optimism: DAO Treasury Circulation
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Optimism's circulating supply includes not only vested team and investor tokens but also OP deployed from the DAO treasury. As the Optimism Collective distributed treasury tokens for grants, incentives, and deployments, those tokens entered circulation, increasing the measured circulating supply and contributing to supply pressure.
Lido (stETH Equivalent): Staking Reward Circulation
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Lido's supply dynamics are unique because LDO holders receive continuous staking rewards, steadily increasing circulating supply. This emission is transparent and predictable, but concentrated: early adopters and large holders receive the majority of rewards, creating supply concentration even as total supply grows.
Polygon: Post-Vesting Supply Stabilization
Polygon's circulating supply grew significantly through 2021-2023 as early allocations vested, approaching approximately 50% of max supply by 2024. As major vesting schedules completed, circulating supply growth slowed, signaling the protocol had exited its primary dilution phase and entered a more stable supply state.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does circulating supply matter more than total or released supply?
Circulating supply counts only tokens that have actually reached the open market. Released supply includes tokens sitting in stakeholder wallets that have not been sold yet — these do not affect current price discovery. On Tokenomist's Token Detail page, you can compare all seven supply metrics side by side to see the gap between released and circulating, which reveals the latent supply overhang most platforms ignore.
How do I calculate market cap using circulating supply?
Market cap equals the current token price multiplied by circulating supply. If a token trades at $5 with 200M circulating tokens, market cap is $1B. Using released supply instead would overstate the market cap by including tokens that insiders have not yet transferred to market. Tokenomist displays both figures on the Token Detail page so you can assess the difference.
Can circulating supply decrease?
Yes, through token burns. Protocols can implement burn mechanisms that permanently remove tokens from circulation — for example, Ethereum's EIP-1559, where base fees are burned each block. Tokenomist tracks burn events on the Token Detail page and through the Burn Screener, which lets you filter tokens by burn rate and total burned supply.
What is the difference between released supply and circulating supply?
Released supply includes all tokens unlocked from vesting contracts — whether or not the stakeholder has transferred them to an exchange or market venue. Circulating supply counts only tokens that have left stakeholder wallets and are available for open market trading. Tokenomist tracks both metrics independently, and the gap between them is a key indicator of latent sell-side pressure.
Related Terms
released supplylocked supplyfully diluted valuationtoken allocationtoken emission schedulesupply pressuretoken burnunlock calendar
Track on Tokenomist
Supply-side analysis for educational purposes. Not financial advice. Verify assumption and precision labels on the relevant token page.